This article analyzes the distinction between “spiritual experience” and “religious structure” from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience. The central assumption is that spiritual experience is a dynamic state of expanded awareness and neural network flexibility, associated with reduced self-centered processing and increased functional integration across large-scale neural networks. In contrast, the institutionalization of this experience … Read more

All living beings possess consciousness; however, the difference between humans and other organisms lies not in the possession of consciousness, but in the level, frequency, and capacity of its reflection. Human consciousness, due to the more complex structure of the brain—particularly the neocortex—has the capacity for self-awareness, meaning-making, and the observation of experience. Despite this … Read more

The question of the nature of consciousness remains one of the most fundamental challenges in contemporary philosophy and cognitive sciences. Dominant approaches typically regard consciousness either as a product of brain activity or as a purely metaphysical concept. This article proposes a theoretical–experiential framework in which consciousness is understood as a frequency–informational phenomenon that emerges … Read more