Ramin Bidari

This paper presents a spiritual–ontological framework in which “truth” is understood not as a product of thought nor as an outcome of neural mechanisms, but as energetic consciousness itself in the form of the “soul.” Within this perspective, the universe operates in layers of different frequencies, and each layer possesses its own level of truth. … Read more

This article analyzes the distinction between “spiritual experience” and “religious structure” from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience. The central assumption is that spiritual experience is a dynamic state of expanded awareness and neural network flexibility, associated with reduced self-centered processing and increased functional integration across large-scale neural networks. In contrast, the institutionalization of this experience … Read more

All living beings possess consciousness; however, the difference between humans and other organisms lies not in the possession of consciousness, but in the level, frequency, and capacity of its reflection. Human consciousness, due to the more complex structure of the brain—particularly the neocortex—has the capacity for self-awareness, meaning-making, and the observation of experience. Despite this … Read more